الأسئلة الشائعة

ما هي أنواع المواد - engineering material?

ما هي أنواع المواد - engineering material?

ما هي أنواع المواد -engineering material

تشكيل المعادن يهم طلاب كلية الهندسة
و بالأخص طلاب الهندسة قسم ميكانيكا
شعبة علم المواد و طلاب هندسة الانتاج
في البداية سنتعرف علي المواد المختلفة.

ما هي أنواع المواد - engineering material?

تنقسم المواد الي قسمين رئيسين:

فلز-metal
لا فلز-non metal

الفلزات تنقسم الي نوعين:

فلزات حديدية (ferrous metal) : يعد الحديد عنصر أساسي فيها
فلزات غير حديدية (non-ferrous): مثل السبائك التي
لا تحتوي علي حديد

لا فلز-non metal تنقسم الي نوعين:

طبيعي (natural) مثل الخشب و الجلود
مصنع (synthetic) مثل ceramic & polymers

ما هي خصائص فلز (metal)؟

غير شفافة (crystalline structure)
مواد غير عضوية (in-organic materials)
يرتبط جزيئتها عن طريق metallic bond
لديها درجات حرارة مرتفعة
جيدة التوصيل للكهرباء
مطيل (ductile) قابلة لسحب و الطرق
كثافة عالية high density

ما هي خصائص لا فلز (non-metal)؟

مقاومة للتأكل high wear corrosion resistance
سيئة التوصيل للكهرباء و الحرارة
درجة انصهار منخفضة
مادة هشة brittle material
كثافة منخفضة

ما هو الفرق بين wear & corrosion?

wear يحدث نتيجة كسر ميكانيكي بين جزيئات المادة.

corrosion المعدن يتأكل نتيجة العوامل او البيئة المحيطة.

ما هو السيراميك (ceramic)؟

هناك نوعان من السيراميك:

سيراميك طبيعي refractory material
سيراميك صناعي glass

يعد السيراميك مركب من عناصر فلزية و لا فلزية

و يدخل في تكوينه غالباً ( oxide-carbide-natride)

المواد الأكثر استخداماً في السيراميك

aluminum oxide
silicon oxide
silicon carbide
silicon nitride

خصائص السيراميك

very hard material
partially crystalline structure
درجة انصهار عالية 2800 درجة مئوية
رديئة التوصيل للكهرباء و الحرارة
قليلة التمدد الحراري
لا تتحمل قوة الشد Low tensile strength
تتحمل الضغط High compressive strength

ما سبب ارتفاع درجة انصهار السيراميك؟

بسبب الروابط الأولية القوية , الرابطة الأيونية و

الرابطة التساهمية التي لا تنفك بسهولة, مما يكسب

ال ceramic درجة انصهار (high melting point)

لماذا يعد السيراميك سيء التوصيل للحرارة؟

بسبب غياب الالكترونات الحرة (free electrons)

و نكتفي بهذا القدر عن التحدث عن المعادن و أنواعها

و سنتحدث في المقالات القادمة عن أشياء كثيرة عن علم

المواد و طرق التشغيل و التشكيل المختلفة و حقن البلاستك.

الأسئلة الشائعة

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